Like many people who care about kids learning to read, I’ve been hearing a lot about the “science of reading” lately. The other night, I asked a teacher friend if their school is using a curriculum based on the science of reading. He wasn’t sure but said they recently switched to materials produced by the Saavas Learning Co. and asked me if that was what I was talking about.
I didn’t know.
As a parent of struggling readers and a professional working for an education advocacy organization, you’d think I would know.
Naturally, I turned to the Internet for answers, but I quickly realized that anyone can claim to use the science of reading in their curriculum. So, how can one know for sure?
First, you’ve got to know what to look for.
I used to think the science of reading just meant phonics and “decoding” words, but that’s just the tip of the iceberg. I could more easily tell you what it’s not (e.g., whole language, leveled reading scores, etc.).
But when savvy people talk about the science of reading, they’re typically talking about a preponderance of scientific research (literally thousands of studies) done over the last 50 years or so worldwide that tells us how children learn to read best. More technical definitions exist about developmental psychology, educational psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, but they can be understood by knowing a few key science categories.
Background knowledge - The more words you know and the more you know about the world, the easier it is to recognize words and understand their meaning.
Comprehension - The ability to process text and understand its meaning.
Decoding - The process of translating print into speech (i.e., you can read and say the words “tension” or “double-hitter” without knowing what they mean or what they mean in a given context.
Orthographic mapping - A mental process where our brain learns words (the spelling, pronunciation, and meaning) and subconsciously locks them into our long-term memory so we don’t have to sound them out once learned. It’s amazing how our brains work. Here’s an excellent seven-minute video from The Measured Mom that explains it in more detail.
Phonemic awareness - Awareness of the speech sounds in words.
Phonics - The relationship between the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes), and the letters or groups of letters (graphemes).
What It’s Not
As mentioned above, a few things can signal that your school or teacher is not using instructional approaches based on the science of reading. Each of them is much more thoroughly explained by Emily Hanford, an investigative education journalist credited with exposing some harsh realities about how reading is taught in this country. Here are the basics:
Whole language—The whole language approach is a method of teaching reading that relies on surrounding children with books and people reading. Essentially, the belief is that children learn to read, similar to how they learn a language. The discredited approach became popular in the 1970s across the U.S., Canada, and New Zealand and is still widely used today.
Three-cueing—Three-cueing goes hand in hand with whole language and is a teaching method that cues (or prompts) the children to guess the word they’re reading rather than sound it out. There are three cues:
Semantic/meaning cues (Does it make sense?)
Syntactic/sentence structure cues (Does it sound right?)
Graphic/visual cues (letters) (Does it look right?)
Lucy Calkins is the author of an influential and almost religiously followed reading curriculum called Units of Study. Her curriculum was based on the disproven whole language theory and encourages teachers to prompt kids to use sentence structure to predict words as they read.
In 2020, AMP Reports reported Calkins was changing her views to support the practice of sounding out words. Emily Hanford produced a riveting podcast series Sold a Story which examines how Calkins and others could be so prolific and yet so wrong about reading instruction.
Fountas & Pinnell is the most influential curriculum publisher in America, according to a 2019 national survey by EdWeek. As of November 2021, they’re standing behind their disproven curriculum approach that teaches children to rely on pictures and context to read guess words. If your teacher talks about leveled literacy, this is where it came from, and it’s not a scientifically sound approach.
So, how can you know whether your school is using the science of reading to teach your kids?
First, understand that a curriculum alone is not enough. You also need to have a sense of how the teacher is using it.
Steps Parents Should Take
This stuff matters. Across the nation, roughly two-thirds of fourth and eighth-grade students aren’t reading proficiently. More effective science-based reading instruction can change that for millions of children, including yours and mine.
What can you do?
First, learn more about the topic. In addition to the links in this article, Hanford put together a great reading list.
Next, ask your school for the name of the ELA curriculum it uses and the publisher. Then, look up the curriculum on EdReports, a nonprofit curriculum evaluation site. They’re more standards-focused than tuned into the science of reading, but still helpful.
Finally, query both your child and their teacher about the reading approach. Ask your child if the teacher encourages them to look at pictures to guess unfamiliar words. Or if they ask students to look away from the word and think about what would make sense. Ask what the teacher does when they come to an unfamiliar word.
Ask the teacher if they encourage students to sound out unfamiliar words or predict words based on context, sentence structure, or pictures. Ask them what they do to support your child’s phonemic awareness, background knowledge, and comprehension.
Finally, be kind as you discuss this with teachers, administrators, and other parents. Unfortunately, most have been taught to believe in the whole language approach, three-cueing, Calkins, Fountas, and Pinnell.
If you need help advocating for science-backed reading instruction in your school, parents of dyslexic children can be your best allies. You can find some of your state’s parent advocates through the Decoding Dyslexia directory.