From Kindergarten to High School, Schools Show They Don't Give a Damn About Black Lives

Across the globe, millions of people are protesting police brutality and systemic racism in response to the murders of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor and countless more Black people. The uproar has spurred scrutiny of other institutions and social sectors, including education. Schools routinely criminalize Black bodies when they harbor police, target Black students for suspension and enact race-based school policies. One race-based school policy that must be scrapped is hair discrimination.

From kindergarten to high school, schools craft dress codes that criminalize students of color for their hair—and it's just one of the ways that schools show they don't give a damn about Black lives.

[pullquote]Hair discrimination isn’t new. It’s been going on for over a hundred years.[/pullquote] In the mid-1800s, the Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools forcefully sheared Native American students’ braids, with the explicit objective of erasing their culture. And in the late 1960s, high schools often suspended male-identified students who broke gender norms by wearing long hair. 

Today’s race-based hair discrimination shares many similarities with the gender-based hair discrimination of the late 1960s. Schools then and now used the same empty arguments to defend discrimination and curtail student speech. A look at the parallels can help arm us in fulfilling our obligation as educators to truly ensure that Black Lives Matter in our schools. 

Genderized Hair Discrimination Then

In the late 1960s, school administrators enacted dress codes that specified a required hair length for male-identified students. They created these rules in response to a growing number of male-identified students who rejected societal norms by growing their hair long. Among different ethnic groups, the symbolism and meaning of this long hair trend differed. The Beatles and anti-war groups inspired many White students, while students of color sought to reclaim and pay homage to the cultures of their ancestors. Although this gender-based hairstyle discrimination affected many ethnic and racial groups, White students more often wielded enough privilege to defend their hair choices in court.

In legal battles, schools leaned on three arguments to defend their discriminatory hair codes: 

• They appealed to a vague, fragile and sacrosanct ‘educational environment.’ Disrupting gender-norms, they argued, would irreparably damage that environment and prevent other students from learning. 
• They conflated long hair with violence, blaming long-haired boys for fights with their short-haired peers. 
• Third, they decried long hair on boys as unhygienic and unsafe. “Girls can safely handle their hair,” a teacher testified, “but not boys.” 

None of the arguments had merit, but many courts still accepted them. And what’s worse, these same arguments—rooted in racism— prop up anti-Black hair discrimination today.

Racialized Hair Discrimination Now

Schools have long been penalizing Black students for their hairstyles, and there are a number of recent examples that demonstrate this particular injustice is alive and well. An elementary school in Georgia labeled photos of everyday Black hairstyles as ‘inappropriate haircuts.’ In Fresno, California, a few fade lines on a Black middle school honor student prompted an in-school suspension. And in a Texas high school, dreadlocks violate the dress code. These stories, backed by research on disciplinary trends, confirm that anti-Black hair discrimination is a problem and needs immediate reform. 

To defend these disciplinary decisions, schools resurrect the same three vacuous arguments we saw earlier: protecting the ‘educational environment,’ preventing violence, and promoting hygiene and safety. Some schools claim that protective hair braids would distract from the "educational environment." Others equate headwraps with prison or gang violence. And still others call natural Black hair products unhygienic and label dreadlocks as unsafe in sports. As with hair discrimination based on gender, it is absurd to suggest a link between hair and learning, violence or health. Instead, these school personnel impose their own racial, religious and cultural norms onto students, then create bogus rationales out of whole cloth to justify them. 

There is hope. The Crown Coalition has successfully pushed legislators to adopt anti-hair discrimination laws. New York, New Jersey and California have already enacted state-level protections, and Senator Cory Booker recently introduced a federal bill to the same effect. These laws show progress, but we need more. 

If students are disciplined in or suspended from schools because of the culture they bring into schools—for the way they wear their hair, for the very way hair grows out of their heads—how can they believe their schools and teachers care about them and have their best interests at heart? 

How can Black parents believe that their children are receiving an equitable education when the expression of who they are is literally defined as a violation of the norm?

Schools must not wait for the legislature to force reform. They must do more than voice obligatory support for the George Floyd protests in this moment, and then remain silent about the systemic racism in their own systems. [pullquote]Whether intentional or not—these policies are hurting Black children.[/pullquote] Schools must immediately reform their discriminatory dress codes.